Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles Iii, 1759-1789 Год выпуска: 0Автор: Stanley J. Stein, Barbara H. SteinИздательство: Страниц: 0ISBN: 0801873398Описание Once Europe's supreme maritime power, Spain by the mid-eighteenth century was facing fierce competition from England and France. England, in particular, had successfully mustered the financial resources necessary to confront its Atlantic rivals by mobilizing both aristocracy and merchant bourgeoisie in support of its imperial ambitions. Spain, meanwhile, remained overly dependent on the profits of its New World silver mines to finance both metropolitan and colonial imperatives, and England's naval superiority constantly threatened the vital flow of specie. When Charles III ascended the Spanish throne in 1759, then, after a quarter-century as ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Spain and its colonial empire were seriously imperiled. Two hundred years of Hapsburg rule, followed by a half-century of ineffectual Bourbon "reforms," had done little to modernize Spain's increasingly antiquated political, social, economic, and intellectual institutions. Charles III, recognizing the...
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Серафим (При заказе следующих работ) Большое спасибо за прошлогодний цикл работ. Все получилось замечательно. Чуть позже скину еще две темы. С Вами приятно иметь дело :) Между прочим... по секрету одна из тем будет такая же противная. Но Вы же умница, Вы справитесь :))
