This work explores the area of exchange rate misalignment, exploiting the power of panel data to generate estimates. These estimates are used to tackle important questions of interest to policy makers. Specifically, the book begins by addressing the link between exchange rate misalignment and the choice of exchange rate regime for a country. In an era where currency crises are recurring, the choice of regime may have some role to play in limiting misalignment and thereby preventing or diminishing the severity of crises. The role that exchange rate regime plays differs for developed versus developing countries, which is also discussed in the book. Finally, the impact that misalignment can have on economic growth in general is explored. A distinction is made between undervaluation and overvaluation, and temporary versus persistent misalignment.