Год выпуска: 2010 Автор: Vishal Sharma and Pal Berg Lande Издательство: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing Страниц: 116 ISBN: 9783843378062
Описание
This book analyzes the concept of using oil tankers' free cargo space and/or segregated ballast tanks to transport freshwater on the return leg, i.e. from oil unloading port back to oil loading port – also called freshwater backhauling (FWBH). The hypothesis considered is that by shipping freshwater this way to arid, oil exporting regions one can achieve a low cost and low GHG emission water supply system.The book analyzes the concept in a holistic manner,considering technical issues, transport and infrastructure costs,environmental impacts and contractual and legal issues.Costs are estimated both on a general and scenario specific level. It is found that freshwater could be shipped by way of backhauling by oil tankers to Saudi Arabia from Japan at a cost of between 0.83 and 1.16 USD/ton, including all infrastructure except distribution systems and excluding modifications to the tankers themselves.This cost level makes FWBH to a certain degree competitive with the chief...
